God's Word

Women in Ministry Fund Development

InterVarsity Christian Fellowship
by Donna Wilson

This is a long section; either read through, or print it out, or click below to jump to a section

Concerns related to Women in Ministry Fund Development

"No one can quite decide whether it's because of women's biological differences, because they are raised differently or because they are created differently by God. But it is clear from the vast majority of research that women value relationships more deeply than men do. Women regard themselves and their decisions within a web of relationships." - Mary Ellen Ashcroft; Balancing Act

"In the relational model of donor partnership, expectations of the relationship can be unclear; they are perceived differently by men and women." (from Report of the IVCF New England Task Force on Women in Ministry, 1993)

In various formal and informal settings, women in InterVarsity have identified a number of issues which they struggle with during the process of Fund Development. Some of these issues are unique to women. Others are encountered by men as well, but seem to be aggravated by gender differences. Still others come out of our own internal responses and patterns of thinking that are deep within us. Although many of these issues relate more generally to being "a women in ministry," they seem to surface most distinctly (and painfully) in the fundraising process.

The following are some suggestions collected from a cross-section of women doing Fund Development in InterVarsity. They are not intended to be answers. The issues are far too complex for that. However, they do represent ideas and perspectives based on many years of collective experience. In some cases you may find that you need to consider a new paradigm in your Fund Development. As you read think about your own experiences and consider new ways you might approach some of the issues that you find yourself bumping into.

Consider getting together with other women in your area or on your team and talking about your experiences. We believe that the most helpful ideas come out of the context of community. It is often helpful just to understand that other women have faced the same struggles. Remind each other of God's love for you and faithfulness. Pray for one another. Avoid letting your discussions turn into "gripe sessions", but focus on creative solutions. You may want to let men from your staff team (especially supervisors) "listen in" on some of your discussions. Their understanding and support can also be a key element in your success.

"I find myself intimidated by high-power businessmen or pastors."
"Power is defined as the influence of one person over another. Some of 'power behavior' is innate personality style, but much can be learned. Power is both real and perceived. The latter issue is a problem for women." (Task Force on Women's Academic Careers in Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 10/92)

  1. Pray, pray, pray. Pray before and during your call. Get friends or supporters to pray for you while making the call. Pray for confidence. Pray for the prospect. Pray that God will guide you to supportive prospects. Remember prayer support is an important part of Fund Development and value it.
  2. Being fearful is natural. Even women who do fundraising full-time experience fear when they go out.
  3. Don't assume it's because you're a woman. Successful people have strong personalities; they often will intimidate your male counterparts too.
  4. People who intentionally intimidate other people frequently are trying to cover their own insecurities or weaknesses. Remember that they may be fearful too and use your good relational skills to put them at ease. Remind yourself that they are real people with families, pains, hurts and discouragements just like us. Pray for them.
  5. Get them talking about themselves. Be really interested in the person! People want to talk about themselves and be truly listened to. While this is a normal step of good fund development there is a temptation to hurry to the end when we are feeling uncomfortable. If possible, develop a relationship with both husband and wife.
  6. Be confident in yourself, knowing you are called by God to this ministry. Remember that God loves you and takes you seriously.
  7. Act confidently. Be bold. Don't take rejection personally. Learn to overcome your fear of confrontation and control the normal tendency to avoid conflict. Not all conflict is bad. It is a natural and necessary part of both business and personal life.
  8. Be professional. Remember you are a professional campus minister. Understand business protocol...expectations, dress, etc.
  9. Dress professionally. Wear the best thing you own. If you don't have any professional-type clothes, get at least one outfit. You need not spend a fortune on an expensive suit...often a great jacket can be purchased at nicer resale stores. Team it up with a simple skirt and nice blouse. If you aren't good at putting together an outfit or haven't been in the business world enough to know what's appropriate, enlist the help of a woman who's gifted in that area. Most important, wear something that makes you feel good. How you feel about yourself will influence your confidence.
  10. Learn to make the most of your unique female strengths ... listening, understanding, awareness of other's feelings, collaboration and consensus gaining.
  11. Practice "team calling." Take the focus off you as an individual. Raise money for a staff-team. Give the prospect the broader picture of InterVarsity's ministry in the community. Business people are looking for a whole program, an inclusive plan. (Judy Packard, former IV Development Field Director notes a side-benefit of team calling is to allow the staff who is not talking at the moment to collect their thoughts and to pray.)
  12. Cluster calls. One call feeds on another and bolsters enthusiasm. Scheduling several calls on one day can build your confidence.
  13. Be prepared! Go with plans and goals, a good case statement or a well-qualified project. Practice verbalizing your presentation in front of a mirror or with a friend. Do your homework regarding your prospect (find out as much about him or her ahead of time).
  14. Involve other people in your Fund Development. Ask others to go with you on appointments. Find some cheerleaders or advocates and use them.


"If I bring along a male supervisor on a Fund Development call, the prospect ignores me and talks to the male."

  1. Talk with your AD/RD ahead and make sure they are willing to work with you to avoid that situation.
  2. If this is a person unknown to you and your supervisor, you handle the introductions.
  3. Seat yourself directly opposite the prospect, with the AD/RD off to the side.
  4. You maintain control in the appointment. Ask key questions that help direct the conversation.
  5. Your supervisor should look at you while you are talking. You should maintain eye-contact with the prospect. If the prospect persists in asking questions of your supervisor, your AD/RD should redirect those questions to you. ("Sue, what do you think about that?")
  6. Be direct, not wordy. Remember in the business world time is money. Practice being concise. Use stories of students to illustrate the vision of IVCF rather than listing all the goals.
  7. Speak with varied volume, steadily, and clearly repeating what you've said if it is not heard.
  8. Avoid asking for approval, directly or indirectly. Focus on the ministry and not your value as a staff worker.

"In the Fund Development context, I find I often have to deal with theological issues related to being a woman in ministry."

"The challenges from Evangelical constituency churches and donors are becoming more prevalent according to the reports of many of our staff. Some church leaders, who believe in more limited roles for women in ministry, are reexamining whether as churches they should support women who are exercising ministries on campus which would not be permitted in their own churches. Women staff are more frequently asking for help in answering the questions and challenges which are leveled against them personally." - "Women in the Ministries of InterVarsity", Steve Hayner, 1993

  1. Work through these issues yourself first. Clearly work through your apologetics ahead of time and be confident in what you believe regarding women in ministry. Study the arguments on both sides so you are not surprised by comments or perceive them as a personal attack. Read those who have done serious scholarship in this area. Be familiar with scriptural models of women used by God in ministry and leadership positions. Get a copy of Steve Hayner's paper, "Women in the Ministries of InterVarsity" and read it to understand IVCF's position. Take advantage of InterVarsity Press resources on the topic:

    Ann Brown An Apology to Women: Christian Images of the Female Sex (IVP-UK)
    Bonnidell and Clouse, eds. Women in Ministry: Four Views
    Mary J. Evans Woman in the Bible
    Stanley J. Grenz with Denise Muir Kjesbo Women in the Church
    Gladys Hunt Women of the Old Testament
    Alvera Mickelsen Women, Authority, & the Bible
    Kari Torjesen Malcolm Women at the Crossroads
    Ruth A. Tucker Women in the Maze
    Mary Stewart Van Leuwen Gender and Grace

  2. Affirm your high commitment to scripture.
  3. Affirm your need to be obedient to God's call to you. Remember who you are serving. Focus on the needs of students. Tell the process that brought you to staff. Talk about the impact of your ministry on the lives of students. Help prospects see the relational needs on campus that require the gifts of a woman.
  4. Don't get defensive. Don't try to change their opinions or doctrinal positions, but be confident in God's call to you. Take it in stride realizing you can't change your gender and you can rarely change their views except over time.
  5. Don't try to deal with it in the fundraising appointment. Offer to get together to talk about it at another time. Bring along a supportive male for this meeting.
  6. Deal with the issue with integrity. Try to get at what their real concern is?
  7. If this is a long-term relationship you may want to gently help educate them about women in ministry without being defensive or hostile. Look for ways you can "widen their box" but don't expect change to happen quickly. Let them see God's work through you in the lives of students.
  8. Take risks, but don't go where you are not wanted. Invest your time in people who are open to your ministry or willing to listen.
  9. If you are married and your husband is comfortable with the idea bring him along so you can both address the issue.

"Sometimes in the context of a Fund Development call on a male prospect I am uncomfortable because of possible sexual overtones."

  1. Minimize the possibility of misinterpretation by being clear and direct.
  2. Meet in a public place with wife or other family members present. Meet during the day if possible.
  3. Bring along another staff worker or a student.
  4. Remember the ball is in your court regarding how you respond. Focus the conversation on the ministry rather than your needs.
  5. Be positive. Expect the best. If an older male comes across as patronizing, remind yourself that his motives are probably positive, and he is probably unaware of the offensive nature of his actions. Use his "fatherly" instincts not manipulatively, but openly by offering him the opportunity to help.
  6. While Fund Development is a relational process, "relationship" to a male normally does not mean as significant an investment of self as it does to a female.
  7. Familiarize yourself with information that is written about communication styles of men and women. This can help you be more confident in interpreting signals accurately. (Such as: Deborah Tannen, You Just Don't Understand [Ballentine Books, New York, 1990] or John Gray, Men Are From Mars, Women are From Venus [Harper Collins, New York, 1992].)
  8. If you feel awkward about taking initiative with a male, enlist the help of a male supervisor or mutual friend. Practice your presentation with them and get their feedback.


"Since most business people are males, fundraising with them reinforces my feelings of being dependant on males for validation of my self-worth."

  1. Realize that this is your issue not theirs. Confront the lies Satan whispers about your value head-on.
  2. Work through the Bible studies included with this material. Try to see yourself as God sees you. Consciously attempt to open yourself to his love.
  3. Share your vulnerability in this area with several close friends who will pray for you on a regular basis. Make a practice of affirming one another in concrete ways that build each others confidence.
  4. Put yourself in the company of people who practice positive self-talk. Learn their habits. Ask them for suggested resources.


"The model of the direct ask sometimes feels too assertive for me as a female."

  1. Sometimes God calls us to act outside of our comfort zones. Apply the same principles you know about cross-cultural ministry to this situation. Let it help you see things differently.
  2. In some calls consider this model:

    I make an appointment to meet with Mr. John Corporation. During our time together I spend my time getting to know about his interests, concerns, and possible points of connection with the campus. I share with him what InterVarsity is about and some stories of how the ministry has impacted students' lives in powerful ways. (I use pages of my case statement to illustrate and leave the case with him at the end.) At the end of the appointment I ask Mr. Corporation if he would be open to receiving a proposal from me concerning financial partnership. If I am unsure of an appropriate amount, I ask what range of participation he would be comfortable having me include in my written request. After the appointment I write a letter thanking him for meeting with me and going on to request a financial gift. I write on the basis of what I have learned in the face-to-face appointment and refer to what I have shared about the ministry. I word the proposal in ways that tie in with what I have discovered about his interests and concerns. I do my direct "ask" for funds in the proposal and send it to the prospect. (In the appointment I ask only for the opportunity to submit a proposal.) If Mr. Corporation has said yes to receiving my proposal, he is probably going to respond favorably. As a businessman and community leader, Mr. Corporation is used to receiving proposals which he can consider and respond to. I follow the written proposal up with a phone call a week to 10 days later. "Has he received my proposal and had time to consider it? Does he have any questions?" If he has not had time, "When would be a good time for me to call you back?" I maintain responsibility for the follow up and simply let him respond.

"I feel false developing relationships just to get money."

  1. Remember that "relationship" often means different things to females and males. Women may feel that they have not developed a significant relationship unless they have "connected" with a prospect in some kind of a personal way. Relationships for women frequently involve a fair amount of interaction and a certain level of intimacy. This is not necessarily true for a male who may define relationship in a less personal way.
  2. As campus ministers our expectations for relationship are often influenced by relationships with our students. In these cases we may meet once or twice a week to build a strong relationship. In the business world, meeting once every few months, tends to be considered a significant relationship.
  3. Remind yourself of God's sovereignty as you build relationships with prospects. While your motivation in initiating the relationship may be financial, God's intention may be to bring this person into your life for even more important reasons. You don't know who and how God will use prospects in your life to challenge, stretch and encourage you. Pray that God will bring you to these people through the Fund Development process.
  4. In a similar vein, God may use the Fund Development process to bring you into relationship with someone who needs the spiritual input you can have in their lives. Be aware that this is a partnership and take seriously how you can minister to your donors as well as receive from them.
  5. Relating differently to different people does not mean that we are being false. The apostle Paul talked about the truth of needing to be culturally appropriate in relating to people (1 Corinthians 9). We are not created by God as single-dimensional people. We have multiple aspects to our own personalities. So by highlighting certain parts of our personalities with a prospect we are not being false, but rather are caring for them.

"Because I am single I am considered to not need as much money to live on OR because I am married, it is felt that my husband should support me and I shouldn't earn a salary."

  1. You deserve a salary. You are worth your wages. This is a biblical concept.
  2. Review the Bible studies in the beginning of the Fund Development manual, especially 1 Corinthians 9:1-14 and 1 Timothy 5:17-18.
  3. Help prospects understand the critical nature of your ministry on campus. Half the students on campus are women. Your presence as a role model and coach for future women leaders is strategic.
  4. Your salary is mandated by InterVarsity. You don't need to defend it. If a prospect has questions, ask if they would like to discuss this issue with your supervisor.
  5. Help prospects understand that a portion of your funding supports the broader ministry of InterVarsity among students in your area and nationally. Some will be interested in InterVarsity's national commitment to multiethnic ministries through overhead funding.
  6. Today's economy is significantly different from that of the days of female "volunteerism". Very few families can survive on only one income. Does your prospect's spouse work outside the home?
  7. Help your prospect consider things from a different perspective. If he were hiring teachers for a Christian school would he expect not to pay married female teachers (or pay single females less than their male counterparts)? If he is a pastor, does his church pay the church secretary or expect her to volunteer her time?

"Some donors feel I shouldn't be working because I am a mother."

  1. Ministry is not just a job, it is a calling. Help them see your ministry as something you do in obedience to God.
  2. Affirm the importance of family and your understanding of the critical role you play as a mother.
  3. Share with donors how you work out this issue in a way that honors your commitment to family. (For example: working part-time, child care done by husband or other family members, doing administrative work at home, taking kids along or involving them when appropriate, special times when your attention is focused on you child, etc.)
  4. Broaden your donor's view by helping them understand that nurturing was a role that God intended to be carried out by both parents. (Note that during biblical times the word "father" did not refer so much to a biological relationship as much as one carrying out the role of protector and nurturer. Study the family of Abraham in Genesis.)
  5. Include family news in prayer letters to confirm your value on family as well as ministry.
  6. Work hard to keep priorities balanced and communication with your spouse and supervisor open and clear regarding time commitments..
  7. Do not debate the theological or cultural value of your work with a prospect.
  8. Share the positive benefits to your family. (Christian role models presented by other staff and students that influence your children's lives, special times at camps or conferences, the modeling for your children of the importance of faith, their observing God's answers to prayer, his trustworthiness in providing for the family, etc.)
  9. Differentiate between high view of family and "family idolatry."
  10. Help your donor see the critical nature of good family models for today's students, many of whom have grown up in dysfunctional families.

Biblical Foundations for Women in Ministry and Fund Development
We are loved and valued by God; He has called us and gifted us for this ministry.

"It is essential that any discussion regarding the ministries of women in InterVarsity be undergirded with a careful explanation of our view of the Bible and also the hermeneutical principles which are being used to interpret it. Further, it is important that we continue to come back to the Scriptures over and over again together, for clarification and for wisdom." - "Women in the Ministries of InterVarsity", Stephen Hayner, 1993

1. Read Isaiah 54 and reflect on God's love and care for you. Where do you need his grace to touch your shame, fear or discouragement? How do you respond to God's promises of protection and deliverance?

 
 
 
 

2. "Women are stereotyped by students and churches and the Christian culture; these groups don't expect to learn from or be led by a woman." (from Report of the IVCF New England Task Force on Women in Ministry, 6/93) Consequently, we struggle to be taken seriously or even to take ourselves seriously. Choose three or four of the following women leaders and study what we know of their lives from scripture. Then reflect on the following questions:

a. What was significant about the role she played in God's plan? How did she minister to others? What lives were impacted by her obedience to God?
b. How did God uniquely gift her for her task? What was her leadership style? How did she use it to serve God?
c. Do you relate to the ministry of this woman? What does she model for a woman seeking to use her gifts to serve God?

Old Testament
Sarah - Genesis 18:1-15, 21:1-13; Heb. 11:11-12 (for the whole story read Genesis 12-23)

 
 
 
 

Miriam - Exodus 2:1-10, 15:19-21, Numbers 12:1-15, 20:1, Micah 6:4

 
 
 
 

Jochebed - Numbers 26:59, Exodus 1:8-22, 2:1-10

 
 
 
 

Rahab - Joshua 2:1-21, 6:22-25, Matthew 1:5-6, Hebrews 11:30-31

 
 
 
 

Hannah - 1 Samuel 1:9-28, 2:1-21, 3:19-21

 
 
 
 

The Shunammite - 2 Kings 4:8-22, 32-37

 
 
 
 

Esther - Esther 4:1, 5-6, 7:1-6, 8:15-17 (for the whole story read chapters 1-10)

 
 
 
 

Deborah (and Jael) - Judges 4:1-24

 
 
 
 


Ruth (and Naomi) - Ruth chapters 1-4

 
 
 
 

Abigail--1 Samuel 25:2-42

 
 
 
 

Huldah (a married woman whose husband held a secular job)--2 Chronicles 34:22-33

 
 
 
 

(Note that a prophet/prophetess was a man or woman of God who acted as God's mouthpiece declaring his words to the world and interpreting the actions of God in the events of history.)

King Lemuel's mother - Proverbs 31:1-9 (While we have no information about her life, we do have a record of her wise teachings which influenced her son, Lemuel, king of Massa. Her writings seems to have inspired the acrostic poem (each line begins with a letter of the alphabet) celebrating the capable gifts of a godly woman which comprises the rest of the chapter (vs. 10-31).

 
 
 
 

New Testament
Mary, mother of Jesus - Luke 1:26-38, Matt. 1:18-25, Luke 2:6-14, 17-19, 33-35, 41-51,
John 19:25-27

 
 
 
 

Martha of Bethany - Luke 10:38-42, John 11:17-27, 32-44

 
 
 
 

Mary of Bethany - John 12:1-11, Matt. 26:13

 
 
 
 

Dorcas - Acts 9:36-42

 
 
 
 

Lydia - Acts 16:11-15, 40

 
 
 
 

Priscilla (a woman in ministry with her husband) - Acts 18:1-4, 18-20, 24-26, Romans 16:3-5, 1 Cor. 6:19

 
 
 
 

(Note: In some inscriptions or other ancient writings Priscilla's name is recorded without mention of her husband. This would indicate a significant ministry in her own right.)

Mary Magdalene - Luke 8:1-3, John 20:1-18, Mark 16:9

 
 
 
 

Phoebe (a single woman in ministry) - Romans 16:1-2

 
 
 
 

(Note: "Phoebe is specifically designated as a diakonos which in the New Testament is used either as a title of a specific ecclesiastical office or as a designation simply meaning "servant". In this verse, however, the masculine form is used, which most typically would indicate a title when applied to a woman. Phoebe is thus designated as holding ecclesiastical office. Most translations, however, have chosen to avoid the controversy and simply translate it as "servant". Stephen Hayner, "Women in the Ministries of InterVarsity," 1993)


3. What does scripture say about the source of our confidence in the following passages?

Hebrews 4:14-16

 
 

2 Corinthians 3

 
 

Hebrews 10: 19-25

 
 

Romans 15:14-19

 
 

Proverbs 3:21-26

 
 


4. How do the images of God's love portrayed in Zephaniah 3:14-17 make you feel?

 
 

Reread verse 17. How does it feel to know the Creator of the Universe "rejoices" over you? How does that impact your view of yourself? How does that influence your confidence?

 
 

5. According to Ephesians 3:16-19 what does God desire for us? How does love strengthen our inner being?

 
 

"Being a Christian I first learned this word [Beloved] from the story of the baptism of Jesus of Nazareth. 'No sooner had Jesus come up out of the water then he saw the heavens torn apart and the Spirit, like a dove, descending on him. And a voice came from heaven: You are my Son, the Beloved; my favor rests on you.'...Yes, there is that voice, the voice that speaks from above and from within and that whispers softly or declares loudly: 'You are my Beloved, on you my favor rests.' It certainly is not easy to hear that voice in a world filled with voices that shout: 'You are no good, you are ugly; you are worthless; you are despicable, you are nobody--unless you can demonstrate the opposite.' These negative voices are so loud and so persistent that it is easy to believe them. That's the great trap. It is the trap of self-rejection." - Henry Nouwen, Life of the Beloved: Spiritual Living in a Secular World Crossroads Publishing Co., NY, 1992

How does 1 John 3:18-20 tell us that we can deal with self-condemnation?

 
 

6. At the heart of quality Fund Development is our call to ministry. What does it mean to you to be "chosen" to be God's witness as Isaiah describes in 43:1-12?

 
 

Think back over your own call to ministry. What drew you in? What excited you about working with students? Tell your story.

 
 
 
 
 

(Use as much space as you need)
In the next week tell this story to a close friend or fellow staff worker (or do this exercise as a staff team). Ask them to help you identify the particular gifts God has equipped you with to carry out this ministry. Recall specific instances God has used you in the life of a student. Together thank God for these gifts and your ministry.

7. As you prepare to spend time doing Fund Development, how might the following scriptures provide a helpful context for your work?

Isaiah 41:8-13

 

Psalm 3:2-4

 

Romans 8:24-27

 

Jeremiah 29:11

 

For we are what he has made us, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand to be our way of life. Ephesians 2:10

"This text is an affirmation of our competency, of our importance in God's plans. God affirms us by saying 'There are good things for you to do, and I know you can do them.' Notice that the text does not say that we need to do good works to earn God's love or to win his approval or that we have to do the work perfectly or compulsively. What is does say is that God sees each of us as the unique people he made us to be. And for each one of us he has prepared a unique set of good works to do. God invites us to participate in his creative, redemptive work in the world. He sees us as capable." - Rooted in God's Love by Dale and Juanita Ryan: IVP, 1992


You are competent, God.
Your works are good works.
It amazes me that you see me as competent.
Thank you for believing in me.
Help me to trust your words of affirmation.
Help me to find joy in doing your work.
Amen.

GOAL-SETTING SUGGESTIONS for Women in Ministry and Fund Development

  • Be clear about your mission and confident of your call.
  • Be comfortable with your own personal style of leadership. Celebrate how God has uniquely gifted you for the ministry.
  • Understand your strengths and weaknesses and work realistically with them and on them.
  • Establish personal and professional goals. Be disciplined about pursuing them and consistent about reviewing them.
  • Seek counsel and constructive feedback from a mentor/colleague. Look for networks of Christian professional women from whom you can learn and be encouraged.
  • Try to maintain a sense of humor. Allow yourself to celebrate success and fight the temptation to be destroyed by an unsuccessful effort. Thank God for his faithfulness in both.
  • Establish a plan that will help you change course when you find yourself falling back into dysfunctional patterns or defensive behavior. Think through what the "warning signals" are that will help you identify when this is happening.
  • See time as one of your most valuable resources - use it carefully and with accountability.
  • Work to become an effective communicator - both orally and in writing.

A Word About Women as Donors

"The future of philanthropy in this country has a decidedly female face. Of the 3.3 million Americans with assets of $500,000 or more, 41.2 percent are women. Over half of this country's wealth is currently controlled by women. And the windfall of wealth this generation inherits will be mostly at the disposal of women who are statistically likely to outlive their husbands." - Rebekah Basinger "About Women as Donors," Development Dynamics, Evangelical Development Ministry, Vol. IV, Num.2, July/Aug 1994

Consider building a significant support base of loyal female donors to whom you can easily relate. Cynthia Carter generalizes in Philanthropy Trends That Count, "Women think more about others, while men are more self-focused; women are relationship-oriented, while men are goal-oriented." Remember that our goal is to build a team of people who will stand behind us in the ministry. Women can provide that kind of financial, emotional, and spiritual support for your ministry.

In addition, secular studies show that women want to give where they can be involved and know they are making a difference in people's lives. Many women are concerned to help develop younger women and will be open to mentoring your students as well as supporting you. Take advantage of Christian female networks to build your support team such as women's groups in churches, Bible Study groups, prayer groups, parenting groups, or Christian professional women's groups. Don't be put off if all the members of a particular group are twice your age. Often these groups will welcome a young woman with open arms. Many older women have inherited money, but are very careful how they spend it, preferring to build trust-relationships. Try building relationships with older women who had careers before they retired ... you may find some very wise and supportive mentors.

Unless otherwise noted, all materials on the urbana.org web site are Copyright InterVarsity Christian Fellowship / USA. All rights reserved.

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